# NAD+ References: The Studies Cited on This Site

> NAD+ references: the full citation list behind this research digest — human precursor trials, cardiometabolic studies, mechanism reviews, and the 2025 efficacy review, each with its DOI and PubMed link.

The full source list — human trials, rodent models, and mechanism reviews — each with a DOI or PubMed link.

## How to read this list

Every quantitative claim on this site — each dose, percentage, duration, and outcome — maps to a numbered citation below. The list spans the human NAD+-precursor trials, the rodent cardiometabolic and diabetes models, the mechanism and aging reviews, and the 2025 Nature Metabolism review that anchors the honest caveats. Each entry carries its journal, year, and a DOI or PubMed URL so any claim can be checked at the source. The references resolve from the inline [N] markers used across the research, heart-health, NMN-vs-NR, dosage, and FAQ pages.

## References

[1] Yoshino M, Yoshino J, Kayser BD, et al. Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women. Science. 2021;372(6547):1224-1229. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33888596/
[2] Camacho-Pereira J, Tarragó MG, Chini CCS, et al. CD38 Dictates Age-Related NAD Decline and Mitochondrial Dysfunction through an SIRT3-Dependent Mechanism. Cell Metab. 2016;23(6):1127-1139. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27304511/
[3] Yi L, Maier AB, Tao R, et al. The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial. GeroScience. 2023;45(1):29-43. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36482258/
[4] Conze D, Brenner C, Kruger CL. Safety and Metabolism of Long-term Administration of NIAGEN (Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride) in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial of Healthy Overweight Adults. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):9772. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31278280/
[5] Covarrubias AJ, Perrone R, Grozio A, Verdin E. NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2021;22(2):119-141. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33353981/
[6] Wang DD, Airhart SE, Zhou B, et al. Safety and Tolerability of Nicotinamide Riboside in Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction. JACC Basic Transl Sci. 2022;7(12):1183-1196. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36644285/
[7] Yoshino J, Mills KF, Yoon MJ, Imai S. Nicotinamide mononucleotide, a key NAD(+) intermediate, treats the pathophysiology of diet- and age-induced diabetes in mice. Cell Metab. 2011;14(4):528-536. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21982712/
[8] Zhang R, Shen Y, Zhou L, et al. Short-term administration of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide preserves cardiac mitochondrial homeostasis and prevents heart failure. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2017;112:64-73. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28882480/
[9] Li H, Feng Z, Wu W, et al. SIRT3 regulates mitochondrial biogenesis in aging-related diseases. J Biomed Res. 2022;36(2):77-88. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36056557/
[10] Freeberg KA, Craighead DH, Martens CR, et al. Nicotinamide Riboside Supplementation for Treating Elevated Systolic Blood Pressure and Arterial Stiffness in Midlife and Older Adults. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;9:881703. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35620522/
[11] Audrito V, Managò A, La Vecchia S, et al. Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) as a Therapeutic Target in BRAF-Mutated Metastatic Melanoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2018;110(3):djx198. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29309612/
[12] Williams PA, Harder JM, Foxworth NE, et al. Vitamin B(3) modulates mitochondrial vulnerability and prevents glaucoma in aged mice. Science. 2017;355(6326):756-760. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28209901/
[13] Ying W. NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH in cellular functions and cell death: regulation and biological consequences. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2008;10(2):179-206. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18020963/
[14] Garrido A, Djouder N. NAD(+) Deficits in Age-Related Diseases and Cancer. Trends Cancer. 2017;3(8):593-610. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28780936/
[15] Vinten KT, Trętowicz MM, Coskun E, et al. NAD(+) precursor supplementation in human ageing: clinical evidence and challenges. Nat Metab. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41083806/

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A step-by-step explainer of the NAD+ literature — the coenzyme drawn apart from the precursors NMN and NR that rebuild it, each finding wired to its study and each gap left openly marked; no clinic behind the diagram and nothing here infused, dispensed, or sold.